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ADHD in Adults - Treatment Options ADHD is a well-known neurobiological disorder that affects 4.4% of the general population. It is accompanied by high levels of co-morbidity (depression, anxiety, addiction to drugs) and significant social, emotional, and occupational impairments. Both medication and psychotherapy are effective treatments for adults with ADHD. Stimulants like methylphenidate or amphetamine are the most frequently prescribed drugs. Medications Many people who suffer from ADHD report significant improvements in their symptoms and functioning in response to medications. Due to the many different ways that people respond to medication, it is essential for those with ADHD to determine a mix that is most effective. Stimulants, like amphetamines and methylphenidate are the most frequently prescribed medication for adults suffering from ADHD. They are available in immediate-release (short-acting) tablet or liquid forms and can be taken as often as every three to four hours. Some adults supplement an immediate-release dose with an extended-release or long-acting medication that is taken daily to reduce the requirement for frequent doses throughout the day. Adults with ADHD can also be treated successfully with antidepressants such as desipramine. This class of drugs can be used alone or in combination with stimulants to enhance their effects. They may also increase the risk of serious adverse effects, such as rapid heartbeats, EKG changes and orthostatic hypotension. Adults with ADHD can also be treated with alprazolam or clonidine. They are both Alpha-2 antagonists of the adrenergic system. These medications were initially created to treat hypertension. They have a calming effect and may improve focus and reduce hyperactivity and impulse control in certain adults. These medications can cause extremely low blood pressure if they are abruptly stopped or the dosage is reduced. Adults with ADHD may also benefit from psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help them deal with their feelings of shame and embarrassment over their ADHD as well as resentment toward co-workers, supervisors teachers, family members and others who might be a source of criticism or nagging them. Family and marriage counseling is a great method to help couples with ADHD to better understand each other and improve their communication. Behavioral Therapy The primary goal of psychosocial therapy for adults with ADHD is to impart strategies and skills that help improve performance in everyday life. adhd in adults treatment can help those who suffer from ADHD overcome their low self-esteem, and the sense of failure they often feel. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), also known as cognitive behavioral therapy assists people to change negative thoughts and emotions that cause problems in their life. It teaches them new ways to think, feel and act. This short-term, goal-oriented kind of psychotherapy has proven to be effective for a variety of disorders, including depression and anxiety. It can be used on its own or in conjunction with other therapies. CBT could include group therapy, which is especially beneficial for adults suffering from ADHD, as it provides the opportunity to interact with other people with similar challenges and to learn how other people manage their ADHD symptoms. CBT can be offered in person or via the phone. In one study, CBT was compared to conventional therapy for adults suffering from ADHD. Both treatments improved self-report measures like symptoms, functioning and quality of life. A number of studies have compared CBT with other psychosocial treatments for adults suffering from ADHD and all have shown significant reductions in self-reported ADHD symptoms, with medium to large effect sizes. These improvements were attributed to diverse modalities like cognitive and interpersonal therapy as well as social skills training, problem-solving training, and mindfulness mediation. It is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments for adults with ADHD with caution. It is likely that the differences in outcome results reflect a number of variables such as the characteristics of the treatment, the measures used and the background of the patient. A few studies have looked into the effectiveness neurofeedback. This technique involves wearing an electrode-lined hat while performing cognitive tasks to pinpoint brain areas in which there is excessive or insufficient activity. The person then learns to control these patterns. Counseling Many people suffering from ADHD suffer from anxiety or mood disorders that require treatment. Counseling can help address these issues which may be causing ADHD symptoms. Certain psychotherapy strategies include interpersonal therapy to enhance the capacity of individuals to establish meaningful relationships and to resolve conflicts. Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help people manage self-destructive, impulsive, and negative behavior that can create difficulties at school or at work. In some cases, psychotherapy is utilized as an adjunct to the medication used for adhd treatment for adults. Patients suffering from multiple disorders like substance abuse, depression, and bipolar disorder should be assessed to ensure their symptoms aren't made worse by the medications used to treat ADHD. People with certain medical issues like thyroid disorders, lead poisoning and a history of seizures, must be treated more aggressively as they are more at risk of developing complications from the medication. When ADHD is severe enough to interfere with daily functioning and quality-of-life, intensive outpatient programs may be recommended. These programs provide an organized treatment that is more intensive than conventional outpatient psychotherapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) assists adults suffering from ADHD improve their abilities to manage time and impulse control, executive function, and planning. It helps them recognize and express their feelings. It employs worksheets and exercises to make the learning more interesting. Mindfulness meditation training improves CBT and improves the ability of a person to concentrate and control their emotions. It also increases a person's ability to tolerate the effects of stress and arousal. It helps them deal with anger, sadness and other emotional issues which could be contributing to their ADHD. Occupational Therapy Adults suffering from ADHD often report difficulty functioning at home and at work. In addition to affecting their work performance, these symptoms interfere with relationships and can lead to financial difficulties. Therapy that addresses these issues will allow you improve your self-esteem and solve the underlying issues. It can also assist you in developing healthy coping methods. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a useful treatment for adults with ADHD because it helps you modify your negative thoughts and behaviors. In particular, it focuses on teaching you to employ strategies to manage your time and eliminate thinking distortions that contribute to negative moods and the perception of a limited selection. Many people with ADHD also suffer from depression or anxiety disorders. These psychiatric conditions can decrease or increase the effectiveness of certain medications that are used to treat ADHD. Therefore, it is recommended that you first treat the most severe comorbid condition and then observe its response to the medication before treating the other disorder. Occupational therapy can help you organize your work and life and establish routines that are predictable, manage your money and time and create a positive image of yourself. It can help you master techniques for relaxation that can reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity. Similarly yoga and other exercises can aid in improving your focus by ensuring your body is stable in various poses. Family and marriage counseling can assist adults suffering from ADHD to resolve the issues they create for their children, spouses and friends. They often complain about being unstable, unorganized, forgetful and often prone to making impulsive choices. Therapy and classes where spouses and other family members are taught about ADHD can help you establish better relationships. It can also help you and your family members to understand that the problems are caused by ADHD and not the lack of care or an unwillingness to cooperate. Clinical Trials Adult ADHD is a neurobiological disorder which is very prevalent. It is often associated with other disorders that are comorbid, such as anxiety, depression and substance abuse disorders. Treatment options include psychosocial and medication interventions. A wide range of medications are available for adults suffering from ADHD and some of them have been tested in clinical trials. These studies have highlighted both the strengths and the limitations of the medication. Adults who suffer from ADHD have the same symptoms as children, however it isn't always easy to recognize them since childhood symptoms may not persist into adulthood. Adults who suffer from ADHD may not have any family history of the disorder or may not remember symptoms. A thorough medical history is essential to help determine whether the symptoms are due to medical conditions like thyroid problems or sleep apnea. It could also be due to issues with vision and hearing or lead poisoning. Adult medications for ADHD generally fall into two categories: stimulants and non-stimulant medications. Stimulants are the most effective drugs for adults suffering from ADHD and their response rates are within the 70-80 percent range. The most frequently used stimulants are amphetamine and methylphenidate compounds. Methylphenidate may also be administered through a transdermal system. This permits continuous medication delivery throughout the daytime. Adults suffering from ADHD can take non-stimulant drugs that work by affecting norepinephrine or dopamine. Desipramine is the most researched tricyclic drug and has been proven to be effective in adult patients with ADHD. It is a low-dose medication that should be increased every seven days by 50mg until the desired effect is noticed. Bupropion XL another antidepressant, was shown to work in adults with ADHD. It is a dopamine agonist that blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine at the presynaptic transportationer which increases its accessibility to the brain. This drug has been shown to improve mood and decrease hyperactivity in adults, but it isn't as effective as stimulants in improving concentration or cognitive function.
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