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ADHD in Adults - Treatment Options ADHD is a common neurobiological disorder that affects 4.4 percent of the general population. It is accompanied by high levels of co-morbidity (depression anxiety, anxiety, alcohol abuse) and significant emotional, social, and occupational impairments. Psychotherapy and medications are both effective treatments for adults suffering from ADHD. The most frequently prescribed drugs are stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine. Medicines Many adults with ADHD notice significant improvements in their symptoms as well as functioning when they take medication. Because of the different ways that people react to medications, it is important for individuals with ADHD to find a combination that works best. Stimulants, like amphetamines and methylphenidate are the most frequently prescribed drugs for adults suffering from ADHD. They are available in tablets or liquids in an immediate-release (short acting) formulation. They can be taken every three to four hours. Some adults can supplement their immediate-release dose with an extended-release or long-acting medicine used once per day to decrease the requirement for frequent doses throughout the day. Adults suffering from ADHD can also be treated effectively with antidepressants, such as desipramine. effects of untreated adhd in adults of drugs can be used by itself or in combination with stimulants to enhance their effects. However, they may increase the risk of serious cardiovascular side effects such as a rapid heartbeat, EKG changes, and orthostatic hypotension. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists such as alprazolam and clonidine can also be used to treat adults with ADHD. These medications, originally developed to treat high blood pressure, have an calming effect and are able to enhance focus and decrease the level of hyperactivity and impulsivity among some adults. However, these medications can result in a drop in blood pressure if they are abruptly removed or reduced in dosage. Psychotherapy is also beneficial for adults with ADHD. Individual therapy can help people overcome feelings of shame, embarrassment, and resentment toward coworkers, supervisors, teachers, and family members that might nitpick or criticize them. Additionally, marriage and family counseling can help couples suffering from ADHD be able to recognize each other's challenges and improve communication. Behavioral Therapy A key goal of psychosocial therapy for adults with ADHD is to teach strategies and skills that help improve performance in everyday life. Psychotherapy can help those with ADHD overcome their self-esteem issues and the feeling of inadequacy they often feel. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps individuals change the negative thoughts that create problems in their lives. It also helps to develop new ways of thinking, feeling and acting. This short-term and goal-oriented psychotherapy has been proven to be effective in treating various disorders, such as depression and anxiety. It can be used alone or in combination with other therapies. CBT may also include group therapy. This is especially beneficial for people with ADHD because it allows them to connect with others who have similar struggles and learn how they manage their ADHD symptoms. It can be offered in person or via phone. In one study, CBT was compared to conventional therapy for adults with ADHD. Both treatments helped improve self-reporting measures such as symptoms, functioning, and quality of life. Numerous studies have evaluated CBT with other psychosocial treatments for adults with ADHD and all have shown significant reductions in self-reported ADHD symptoms, with medium to large effect size. These improvements were linked to various modalities, including interpersonal and cognitive behavioral therapy, social skills training, problem-solving training, and mindfulness meditation. However, caution is required in comparing the efficacy of various treatments for adult ADHD. It is likely that the different outcomes of the treatments are due to a variety of variables, including treatment characteristics, measures used, and patient backgrounds. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of neurofeedback. This technique involves wearing an electrode-lined hat while performing cognitive tasks in order to identify brain areas where there is a lack or excess of activity. The individual then learns to control these patterns. Counseling Many people suffering from ADHD have mood or anxiety disorders that require treatment. Counseling can help with these issues which may be causing ADHD symptoms. Some psychotherapy approaches include interpersonal therapy to enhance the ability of a person to form meaningful relationships and to resolve conflicts. Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help control impulsive, self-destructive, and negative behaviors that could cause problems at school or work. In certain cases psychotherapy may be utilized in conjunction with medications for adults with adhd treatment. People with co-occurring disorders like depression, substance abuse and bipolar disorder must be assessed to ensure their symptoms aren't made worse through the use of medications to treat ADHD. People who suffer from certain medical issues such as thyroid disorders, lead poisoning and a history of seizures, must be treated with more vigor because they are at a higher risk for complications from the medications. If ADHD is serious enough to affect everyday functioning and quality of life intensive outpatient programs might be suggested. These programs provide structured therapy that is more intense than conventional outpatient psychotherapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps adults with ADHD improve their ability to manage time management and impulse control, organizing, and executive function. It helps them recognize and express their emotions and utilizes worksheets and activities to make the lessons more interesting. The practice of mindfulness meditation improves CBT and improves the ability of a person to focus and manage emotions. It increases the capacity of a person to manage anxiety and stress. It can assist them in dealing with anger, sadness, and other emotional issues which could be contributing to their ADHD. Occupational Therapy Adults suffering from ADHD report difficulties functioning at work and at home. These symptoms can also affect relationships and lead to financial problems. Therapy that addresses these issues can help you increase self-esteem, address the root causes of your issues and develop healthy coping mechanisms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a useful treatment for adults suffering from ADHD because it teaches you how to change your negative beliefs and behavior. It focuses on teaching time management techniques and overcoming the distortions in your thinking that can lead to negative moods and the perception of limited choices. Many people who suffer from ADHD also have comorbid depression or anxiety disorders. These psychiatric conditions can cause or diminish the effectiveness of certain drugs used to treat ADHD. Therefore, it is recommended that you first treat the most severe comorbid condition and then monitor its response to the medication prior to treating the other condition. Occupational therapy can teach you ways to organize your life and your work, establish regular routines, manage your time and money, and create confidence in yourself. It can help you master ways to relax that could reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity. Similarly yoga and other exercises can aid in improving your focus by stabilizing your body in different postures. Family and marriage counseling can help adults with ADHD to overcome the problems they create for their spouses, kids and other family members. They often complain about being unreliable and disorganized. They also tend to forget things or make impulsive decisions. Therapy and classes where spouses and other family members are educated about ADHD can help you establish better relationships. It can help you and your family members to understand that the problem is due to ADHD, rather than the lack of care or an unwillingness to cooperate. Clinical Trials Adult ADHD is a highly frequent neurobiological disorder. It is often accompanied by comorbid conditions such as depression, anxiety and substance abuse disorders. Treatment options include medication and psychosocial interventions. There are a variety of medications available for adults with ADHD and a few of them have been evaluated in clinical trials. These studies have highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of the various medications. Adults who suffer from ADHD may have the same symptoms that children do, but it is difficult to diagnose because the symptoms of childhood may not last into adulthood. Adults with ADHD may not have an ancestral history of the disorder or might not remember the symptoms. It is crucial to take an extensive medical history to determine whether the symptoms are caused by an illness, such as thyroid problems such as sleep apnea, sleep apnea and vision problems. Adults with ADHD are treated with stimulants or nonstimulants. Stimulants are the most effective drugs for treating adults with ADHD, and their responsiveness rates are within the 70-80% range. Amphetamine and methylphenidate are among the most frequently prescribed stimulants. Methylphenidate is also administered via a transdermal device. This permits continuous medication delivery throughout the day. Adults with ADHD can take non-stimulant drugs that are based on norepinephrine, or dopamine. Desipramine is the most researched tricyclic drug and has been proven to be effective in adult patients with ADHD. It is a low-dose medication that should be increased every seven days by 50mg until the desired effect is noticed. Bupropion XL another antidepressant, has been proven to be effective in adults suffering from ADHD. It is a dopamine agonist that works by blocking norepinephrine reuptake in the presynaptic cellular transporter and increasing its presence in the brain. The drug has been proven to improve mood and decrease hyperactivity in adults, however it isn't as effective as stimulants when it comes to improving concentration or cognitive function.
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