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?????? in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than what one might expect.

The country is searching for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.

Origins

In the early days, the ancestors to today's Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and also made furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making block printing, art styles and a written language to Japan.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.

At the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children.

Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.

The evolution of Korea

The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are evident in the form graves lined with stones, with precious goods like amazonite jewelry being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are widespread throughout the country.

Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territory. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.

As Korea enters a post-crisis phase the way it develops appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses.

Analysts and academics are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies some important factors that appear to be influencing these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views among this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a majority of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was focused on the education of students and the introduction of Christ to them. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.

The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public.

KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country in churches and universities.

One example of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus.

In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branches that conduct seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.


The evolution of South Korea

In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this time, the famous samulnori or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.

Korea's new development model is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.

Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.

The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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