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Evolution Explained The most fundamental notion is that all living things change over time. These changes can help the organism survive or reproduce better, or to adapt to its environment. Scientists have used genetics, a brand new science, to explain how evolution works. They also have used the science of physics to calculate how much energy is required for these changes. Natural Selection For evolution to take place organisms must be able to reproduce and pass their genetic traits on to the next generation. Natural selection is sometimes called "survival for the fittest." However, the term is often misleading, since it implies that only the fastest or strongest organisms can survive and reproduce. In reality, the most adapted organisms are those that are the most able to adapt to the environment in which they live. Environmental conditions can change rapidly, and if the population isn't properly adapted to the environment, it will not be able to endure, which could result in a population shrinking or even becoming extinct. Natural selection is the most important factor in evolution. This occurs when phenotypic traits that are advantageous are more common in a population over time, leading to the development of new species. This process is driven primarily by heritable genetic variations of organisms, which are a result of mutations and sexual reproduction. Any element in the environment that favors or defavors particular characteristics can be an agent that is selective. These forces can be physical, like temperature or biological, like predators. Over time populations exposed to various agents of selection can develop different from one another that they cannot breed together and are considered to be distinct species. While the idea of natural selection is straightforward but it's not always clear-cut. Misconceptions regarding the process are prevalent even among educators and scientists. Surveys have revealed a weak correlation between students' understanding of evolution and their acceptance of the theory. Brandon's definition of selection is restricted to differential reproduction, and does not include inheritance. But a number of authors including Havstad (2011) has claimed that a broad concept of selection that encapsulates the entire process of Darwin's process is sufficient to explain both adaptation and speciation. There are also cases where the proportion of a trait increases within the population, but not in the rate of reproduction. These instances may not be considered natural selection in the narrow sense of the term but may still fit Lewontin's conditions for a mechanism like this to function, for instance when parents with a particular trait have more offspring than parents without it. Genetic Variation Genetic variation is the difference in the sequences of genes of the members of a specific species. Natural selection is one of the main factors behind evolution. Variation can occur due to mutations or the normal process in the way DNA is rearranged during cell division (genetic Recombination). Different genetic variants can lead to various traits, including the color of your eyes, fur type or ability to adapt to unfavourable environmental conditions. If a trait has an advantage, it is more likely to be passed down to future generations. This is known as an advantage that is selective. Phenotypic plasticity is a particular kind of heritable variant that allows individuals to modify their appearance and behavior in response to stress or their environment. These changes can help them survive in a different habitat or make the most of an opportunity. For instance they might develop longer fur to shield their bodies from cold or change color to blend in with a particular surface. These phenotypic variations do not affect the genotype, and therefore cannot be thought of as influencing the evolution. Heritable variation is essential for evolution because it enables adaptation to changing environments. Natural selection can also be triggered by heritable variations, since it increases the chance that individuals with characteristics that are favorable to an environment will be replaced by those who aren't. However, in some instances, the rate at which a gene variant is passed on to the next generation isn't enough for natural selection to keep pace. Many harmful traits such as genetic diseases persist in populations despite their negative consequences. This is partly because of a phenomenon called reduced penetrance, which means that some people with the disease-associated gene variant do not exhibit any symptoms or signs of the condition. Other causes include gene by environment interactions and non-genetic factors like lifestyle eating habits, diet, and exposure to chemicals. To better understand why undesirable traits aren't eliminated by natural selection, it is important to understand how genetic variation influences evolution. Recent studies have demonstrated that genome-wide association studies focusing on common variations do not provide a complete picture of disease susceptibility, and that a significant proportion of heritability is explained by rare variants. It is essential to conduct additional studies based on sequencing to document the rare variations that exist across populations around the world and assess their effects, including gene-by environment interaction. Environmental Changes While natural selection drives evolution, the environment impacts species by altering the conditions in which they exist. The famous tale of the peppered moths illustrates this concept: the white-bodied moths, abundant in urban areas where coal smoke had blackened tree bark were easily snatched by predators while their darker-bodied counterparts prospered under these new conditions. The opposite is also the case that environmental change can alter species' ability to adapt to the changes they face. Human activities are causing environmental changes at a global level and the effects of these changes are largely irreversible. These changes affect biodiversity and ecosystem functions. ??? ???? pose significant health risks to the human population especially in low-income countries due to the contamination of water, air and soil. For instance, the increased usage of coal in developing countries like India contributes to climate change, and increases levels of pollution in the air, which can threaten human life expectancy. The world's scarce natural resources are being used up at an increasing rate by the population of humanity. This increases the likelihood that a lot of people will be suffering from nutritional deficiency as well as lack of access to water that is safe for drinking. The impact of human-driven environmental changes on evolutionary outcomes is complex microevolutionary responses to these changes likely to alter the fitness environment of an organism. These changes can also alter the relationship between a certain characteristic and its environment. Nomoto et. and. demonstrated, for instance, that environmental cues like climate and competition, can alter the nature of a plant's phenotype and alter its selection away from its historic optimal match. It is crucial to know how these changes are influencing microevolutionary reactions of today and how we can utilize this information to predict the fates of natural populations during the Anthropocene. This is crucial, as the environmental changes triggered by humans will have a direct effect on conservation efforts, as well as our own health and existence. It is therefore vital to continue to study the relationship between human-driven environmental changes and evolutionary processes at a worldwide scale. The Big Bang There are a variety of theories regarding the origin and expansion of the Universe. However, none of them is as well-known as the Big Bang theory, which has become a commonplace in the science classroom. The theory provides explanations for a variety of observed phenomena, like the abundance of light-elements the cosmic microwave back ground radiation and the massive scale structure of the Universe. The Big Bang Theory is a simple explanation of how the universe started, 13.8 billions years ago, as a dense and extremely hot cauldron. Since then, it has grown. This expansion created all that exists today, such as the Earth and all its inhabitants. The Big Bang theory is supported by a variety of proofs. These include the fact that we see the universe as flat and a flat surface, the thermal and kinetic energy of its particles, the temperature variations of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the densities and abundances of heavy and lighter elements in the Universe. The Big Bang theory is also well-suited to the data gathered by astronomical telescopes, particle accelerators, and high-energy states. In the early 20th century, physicists held an unpopular view of the Big Bang. Fred Hoyle publicly criticized it in 1949. However, after World War II, observational data began to come in that tilted the scales in favor of the Big Bang. In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson unexpectedly discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation, an omnidirectional sign in the microwave band that is the result of the expansion of the Universe over time. The discovery of this ionized radiation, that has a spectrum that is consistent with a blackbody around 2.725 K, was a significant turning point for the Big Bang theory and tipped the balance in its favor over the competing Steady State model. The Big Bang is a central part of the popular television show, "The Big Bang Theory." In the show, Sheldon and Leonard employ this theory to explain different observations and phenomena, including their study of how peanut butter and jelly become squished together.
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