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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the development of new species and transformation of the appearance of existing species.

Numerous examples have been offered of this, including different varieties of stickleback fish that can live in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to particular host plants. These reversible traits can't, however, explain fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all the living creatures that inhabit our planet for ages. The most widely accepted explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection process, which occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more successfully than those who are less well adapted. Over time, a population of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species.

??????? is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three factors including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Sexual reproduction and mutation increase genetic diversity in an animal species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person's genetic traits, including both dominant and recessive genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be achieved via sexual or asexual methods.

All of these factors must be in balance for natural selection to occur. If, for instance an allele of a dominant gene causes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive allele The dominant allele is more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will disappear. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that a species with a beneficial characteristic will survive and reproduce more than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism produces the better its fitness, which is measured by its capacity to reproduce itself and live. Individuals with favorable traits, such as having a longer neck in giraffes, or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and have offspring, so they will eventually make up the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not on individuals. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits due to use or lack of use. If a giraffe expands its neck to catch prey, and the neck becomes longer, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck length between generations will persist until the neck of the giraffe becomes too long that it can not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles within a gene can be at different frequencies in a group due to random events. Eventually, one of them will reach fixation (become so widespread that it is unable to be removed through natural selection), while the other alleles drop to lower frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to one allele dominance. The other alleles have been virtually eliminated and heterozygosity been reduced to zero. In a small number of people, this could lead to the total elimination of recessive allele. This is known as the bottleneck effect and is typical of the evolutionary process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe like an epidemic or a mass hunting event, are concentrated in a limited area. The survivors are likely to be homozygous for the dominant allele meaning that they all have the same phenotype and will therefore have the same fitness traits. This can be caused by war, earthquakes or even a plague. Whatever the reason, the genetically distinct population that remains could be prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values for different fitness levels. They give the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and share the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other lives to reproduce.

This kind of drift could play a crucial part in the evolution of an organism. It is not the only method of evolution. The most common alternative is a process known as natural selection, in which the phenotypic diversity of the population is maintained through mutation and migration.

??????? asserts that there is a significant distinction between treating drift as an actual cause or force, and treating other causes such as selection mutation and migration as causes and forces. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has an orientation, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism


Biology students in high school are frequently exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is often known as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms through the inherited characteristics that are a result of an organism's natural activities use and misuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through an giraffe's neck stretching to reach higher branches in the trees. This would cause giraffes to give their longer necks to their offspring, who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his inaugural lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he introduced an innovative concept that completely challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate material by a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case but the general consensus is that he was the one giving the subject its first general and comprehensive treatment.

The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and Lamarckism fought during the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won, leading to the development of what biologists now refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits can be passed down through generations and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective influence of environmental elements, like Natural Selection.

Although Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters, and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea however, it was not a central element in any of their theories about evolution. This is partly due to the fact that it was never validated scientifically.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics, there is a large amount of evidence to support the heritability of acquired traits. It is sometimes called "neo-Lamarckism" or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is just as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian theory.

Evolution through adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a struggle to survive. This notion is not true and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more effectively described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which may include not just other organisms but also the physical environment.

To understand how evolution operates it is beneficial to think about what adaptation is. Adaptation refers to any particular feature that allows an organism to live and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological structure like feathers or fur or a behavior such as a tendency to move to the shade during hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid the cold.

The capacity of a living thing to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to produce offspring, and must be able to locate sufficient food and other resources. The organism should also be able reproduce at the rate that is suitable for its specific niche.

These factors, in conjunction with gene flow and mutations can result in an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within the gene pool of a population. This change in allele frequency could lead to the development of new traits and eventually, new species in the course of time.

Many of the features that we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur for insulation long legs to run away from predators and camouflage to hide. To understand adaptation it is crucial to differentiate between physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physiological traits like the thick fur and gills are physical traits. The behavioral adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or retreat into shade during hot weather. It is important to note that the absence of planning doesn't make an adaptation. A failure to consider the effects of a behavior, even if it appears to be logical, can make it unadaptive.

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