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ADHD in Adults - Treatment Options ADHD is a well-known neurobiological disorder that affects 4.4% of the general population. It is accompanied by high rates of co-morbidity (depression anxiety, anxiety, and addiction to drugs) and significant emotional, social and occupational impairments. Both medication and psychotherapy are effective treatments for adults suffering from ADHD. The most frequently prescribed drugs are stimulants like methylphenidate or amphetamine. Medicines Many people with ADHD have seen significant improvement in their symptoms and functioning in response to medications. Due to the many different ways that people react to medications, it is important for individuals with ADHD to discover a combination that is most effective. Adults suffering from ADHD are prescribed stimulants, such as methylphenidate or amphetamines. These stimulants are available in tablets or liquids in an immediate-release (short acting) formulation. They can be taken every three to four hour. Some adults can supplement their immediate-release dose with an extended-release or longer-acting drug taken once a day to lessen the requirement for frequent doses throughout the day. Desipramine and other antidepressants have also been found to be effective in the treatment of adults suffering from ADHD. This class of medications can be used by itself or in conjunction with stimulants to enhance their effects. However, they may increase the risk of serious cardiovascular adverse effects like rapid heartbeat, EKG changes, and orthostatic hypotension. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists such as alprazolam and clonidine can also be used to treat adults suffering from ADHD. These medications, originally designed to treat high blood pressure, possess an calming effect and are able to improve focus and decrease the amount of impulsivity and hyperactivity in some adults. However, these medications can cause a drop in blood pressure if they are abruptly removed or reduced in dosage. Psychotherapy is also beneficial for adults with ADHD. Individual therapy can help them cope with feelings of shame and embarrassment about their ADHD as well as anger toward supervisors, colleagues teachers, and family members who might nag or criticize them. Marriage and family counseling is a great method to help couples suffering from ADHD improve their understanding of each other and improve their communication. Behavioral Therapy Psychosocial therapy for adults with ADHD seeks to improve everyday functioning by teaching strategies and skills. Psychotherapy can also aid those with ADHD overcome low self-esteem and feeling of failure that often accompanies this condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) assists individuals in changing the negative thoughts that cause problems in their lives. It also helps to develop new ways of thinking and feeling, as well as acting. This short-term, goal-oriented kind of psychotherapy has been found to be effective for a variety of disorders including anxiety and depression. It can be used in conjunction with other therapies or alone. CBT can also incorporate group therapy. This is especially beneficial for those suffering from ADHD because it enables them to connect with other people who face similar challenges and learn about how they manage their ADHD symptoms. It can be delivered in person or by phone. In one study, CBT was compared to the standard treatment for adults who have ADHD. Both treatments improved self-report indicators like symptoms, functioning and quality of life. A number of studies have compared CBT with other psychosocial treatments for people with ADHD and all have shown significant reductions in self-reported ADHD symptoms, with medium to large effect size. signs of untreated adhd in adults were linked to diverse modalities like cognitive and interpersonal therapy and social skills training. problem-solving training, and mindfulness meditation. It is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments for adults with ADHD with caution. It is likely that differences in the results of treatment result from a variety of factors, including the treatment characteristics and the measures used. There are few studies that have investigated the effectiveness neurofeedback. This method involves wearing an electrode-lined hat while performing cognitive tasks to pinpoint brain areas in which there is a lack or excess of activity. The person is then taught to regulate these patterns. Counseling Many people with ADHD have mood or anxiety disorders that require treatment. Counseling can help to address these issues, which could be contributing to the ADHD symptoms. Certain psychotherapy methods include interpersonal therapy to enhance a person's ability to build meaningful relationships and to resolve conflicts. Cognitive behavioral therapy is designed to help control self-destructive, impulsive and negative behavior that can cause difficulties at school or at work. In certain situations, psychotherapy can be used in conjunction with medication for adults adhd treatment. Patients with comorbid disorders such as bipolar disorder, and substance abuse should be evaluated with care to ensure that they do not suffer from symptoms that aren't improved by the medications used to treat ADHD. People who suffer from certain medical issues like thyroid disorders, lead poisoning and a history of seizures, need to be treated more aggressively because they are at higher risk of complications from medication. When ADHD is severe enough to interfere with the quality of life and daily functioning intensive outpatient programs might be recommended. These programs provide structured therapy that is more intense than conventional outpatient psychotherapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which is a type of cognitive therapy, helps adults suffering from ADHD to improve their ability to manage time and impulse control, as well as planning and executive functioning. It helps them understand and express their emotions and utilizes exercises and worksheets to make the lessons engaging. Mindfulness meditation training enhances CBT and improves a person's ability to focus and control their emotions. It also enhances an individual's ability to tolerate anxiety and stress. It helps them deal with anger, sadness and other emotions which could be contributing to their ADHD. Occupational Therapy Adults with ADHD report difficulties functioning at work and at home. In addition to impacting work performance, these issues can interfere with relationships and may lead to financial difficulties. Therapy that addresses these issues can help you improve your self-esteem and address the root of the issue. It can also help you develop healthy ways of coping. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for adults with ADHD and helps them change their negative attitudes and behavior. In particular, it focuses on teaching you to use strategies to manage your time and eliminate the distortions in your thinking that cause negative moods and the perception of a limited range of choices. Many people with ADHD suffer from anxiety or depression disorders as comorbid conditions. These psychiatric disorders can diminish or even increase the effectiveness of certain medications used to treat ADHD. Therefore, it is recommended to treat the most severe comorbidity and then observe its response to the medication prior to treating the other condition. Occupational therapy can help you learn methods to organize your life and work, create routines that are predictable, manage money and time and develop an optimistic self-image. It will also help you learn relaxation techniques that may reduce your impulsivity and hyperactivity. Similarly, yoga and other exercise can help you improve your focus by stabilizing your body in different postures. Family and marriage counseling can help adults with ADHD to overcome the problems they cause their children, spouses and others. They often complain of being unreliable and disorganized. They also tend to forget things or make impulsive decisions. Therapy and classes in which spouses and other family members are educated about ADHD can help you develop better relationships. Moreover it can aid you and your loved ones realize that these issues are linked to the patient's ADHD rather than to the lack of compassion or an unwillingness to cooperate. Clinical Trials Adult ADHD is a highly frequent neurobiological disorder. It is accompanied by a high rate of comorbidity, such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. Psychosocial and medication interventions are available as treatments. A variety of medications are available to adults suffering from ADHD and some of these have been evaluated in clinical trials. These studies have revealed the strengths and weaknesses of the drugs. Adults with ADHD may have the same symptoms that children have, but it's difficult to determine since childhood symptoms may not last into adulthood. Adults with ADHD might not have an ancestral history of the disorder, or might not remember the symptoms. A thorough medical history is important to determine if the symptoms are due to medical conditions such as thyroid issues or sleep apnea, hearing and vision problems or lead poisoning. Adults suffering from ADHD are treated with stimulants or nonstimulants. The stimulants have the highest response rates for adults suffering from ADHD. Their response rates range from 70 to 70% to 80%. Amphetamine and methylphenidate are among the most frequently prescribed stimulants. Methylphenidate can also be found in a transdermal system that allows for continuous drug delivery throughout the day. Nonstimulant medicines for adults suffering from ADHD are primarily tricyclic antidepressants that work on norepinephrine and dopamine. Desipramine, the most studied tricyclic, has shown to work in adult ADHD patients. It is a low dose medication and should be increased by 50 mg every seven days until the desired response is observed. Bupropion XL is a different antidepressant, was shown to work in adults with ADHD. It is a dopamine receptor agonist and blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine at the presynaptic receptor, thereby increasing its use in the brain. This drug has been found to improve mood and reduce hyperactivity in adults, but it isn't as effective as stimulants when it comes to improving concentration or cognitive function.
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