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As a result, boundary markers often shift from their designated positions due to the upward movement of rocks resulting from the volumetric expansion of ice beneath road beds (Taivainen, 1963). Additional F/T studies as outlined in Table 3 at different fill volumes from 20 to 500 mL in various appropriately sized containers were also evaluated and no significant increase in percent aggregates was detected. For freeze-drying microscopy, protein sample was dispensed into a glass cell and placed on a temperature-controlled freeze-drying stage.
It was observed that the GWC at the PWP was still significantly higher in BB-amended CL soil compared to SM soil. Furthermore, in both test conditions, the GWC was observed to be highest at lower suctions (500 kPa), and lowest at higher suctions (180?×?103 kPa) at a fixed BB content for both soils. The GWC follows a similar decrease pattern at both lower (500 kPa) and higher suction (180?×?103 kPa) levels in confined conditions for both soils, as presented in Fig. The occurrence is attributable to the greater SSA and the existence of minerals in the CL soil with water-retentive properties. However, the subsequent inclusion of 3.5% and 5% BB in CL soil resulted in a strength reduction of 12.92% and 24.29%, respectively, compared to non-amended CL soil for day one. The results indicate that the CL soil amended with BB reached its peak strength at a 2% biochar content.

A Comprehensive State of the Art on the Impact of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on the Engineering and Index Properties of Soils

The at-scale mAb-1 drug substance bottles are frozen in large freezers, which is unlikely to be a fast freeze, and are thawed using a water bath. Overall, the results support our hypothesis that the critical factor responsible for F/T induced aggregation of mAb-1 is the time of thaw and that slow thawing has a negative impact on the F/T stability of the protein. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no published evidence on standards and consistently used freezing and thawing rates adopted across the industry.

Formulation Characterization and Stability of Protein Drugs

Shan et al. (2021) investigated the impact of clay mineral composition on the dynamic properties and structure of artificial marine clay. It was found that marine clays with a high content of montmorillonite showed increased plasticity index (PI) and Atterberg limits. This increase was attributed to the tendency of montmorillonite to more readily adsorb strong and loosely bound water (stern layer) on its surfaces when in a plastic state. Accordingly, understanding the specific mineralogical composition is essential for predicting and managing the behavior of clay in various engineering applications such as soil stabilization and contaminant containment. Several test results suggest that the swelling pressure increases with respect to decreasing initial water content.

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Over time, the cumulative effect of these cycles can significantly weaken masonry, particularly if the material is exposed to excessive moisture. Figure 3a, b exhibits the variation in UCS over time for soils mixed with different BB content. prefabricated pools indicate that the strength characteristics of both soils behave differently with the addition of BB. UCS of CL soil was observed to increase with a lower level of biochar amendment, but it decreased upon further addition of BB. The percentage increase in UCS was observed to be 2.69% and 10.51% with the addition of 1% and 2% BB in CL soil, respectively.
Presence of any aggregation in a protein pharmaceutical can impact activity, solubility, and may even present protein specific immune responses, and is generally not acceptable for product release2,3. In every FT period, soil aggregate samples were sufficiently ground to pass through a 0.15?mm sieve before their total organic carbon content (TOC) content was measured using the CN 802 elemental analyser (VELP, Italy). This cycle can happen multiple times throughout the colder months, particularly in areas where temperatures frequently fluctuate above and below freezing.

• With the rapid development of road and railway in Western China, some important projects have been constructed there, where soil ground is affected greatly by F–T actions, and thus study on the influences of F–T cycles on soils is very important and will be carried here.
• This methodology allowed for a systematic assessment of the samples’ response to the applied forces.
• Cylindrical samples, 50 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height, were used for SEM tests.
• The expansion of the crystal layer (lattice) occurs when there is a change in the expansive mineral under the action of water or in a humid environment.

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Screening of mAb-1 formulation matrices to minimize F/T induced aggregation

It is important to note that this stability enhancement is particularly significant during cold seasons when freezing occurs. However, during warmer seasons or when the ice melts, rock mass maintenance and monitoring are crucial to ensure continued stability. Natural expansive geomaterials cause many problems in geo-engineering and vary significantly in volume; thus, they expand as they absorb water and shrink as they evaporate (Pooni et al., 2019). Basma et al. (1996) found that cyclic swelling and shrinkage of expansive clays can result in changes in their expansive behavior and microstructure.

Mitigating Delayed Ettringite Formation in Concrete Buildings and Structures

When freeze-thaw cycles are occurring at higher rates, the soil can be greatly impacted on a microscale. Rates of mineral weathering and other soil attributes may be affected by the mechanical stress exerted by freeze-thaw cycles. Freeze-thaw cycles can alter the ground’s surface using only mineral soil and water. Yet, these cryogenic features become even more distinguished and fascinating when organic matter is added to the mix. And, despite low precipitation along Alaska’s North Slope, the shallow water table controlled by underlying permafrost results in dense vegetation and thus organic matter.

At low phosphate and protein (5 mg/mL) concentrations, there may not be sufficient buffering capacity to prevent a pH-induced aggregation. At high protein concentrations with same amount of phosphate, however, no buffer effect was observed suggesting that either the protein had adequate buffering capacity or high protein concentration provided cryoprotection to prevent pH changes. The triaxial compression tests were carried out on the TAW-1000 rock triaxial testing machine. This apparatus is equipped with both servo and temperature control systems, capable of handling maximum loads up to 1000 kN and confining pressures up to 100 MPa. It also includes a deformation measurement system, recording axial deformations up to 8 mm and radial deformations within a range of 4 mm, suitable for rock samples of dimensions up to 50 mm?×?100 mm. For the triaxial tests, a confining pressure of 5 MPa was applied considering the practical stress state of the granite samples in the Luanshibao Landslide.

The waste generated by the agricultural sector is commonly found in many regions worldwide1. Bamboo plays a vital role as a structural and load-bearing element in various applications, including fencing, construction, roofing, and craftsmanship, particularly in developing countries such as India, China, and Malaysia. Despite its extensive use, only 30–40% of the global bamboo supply is effectively utilized, leading to the disposal of the remaining portion as waste through burning or burial3. A sustainable solution is recycling waste materials, such as bamboo waste, into biochar would be essential, advantageous, cost-effective, and beneficial for the environment4.

This modular equipment uses a patented heat transfer technology in vertical plates that provide unprecedented freeze and thaw performance and flexibility. With this integrated approach, biomanufacturers can safely and confidently manage the entire cold chain from filling and freezing to shipping, thawing and dispensing. For building owners and managers, this means higher maintenance costs, increased risk of damage, and potential safety concerns. Freeze-thaw cycles can significantly impact facades, leading to accelerated deterioration, costly repairs, and even structural failures over time.

The Freeze-Thaw Cycle and Its Impact on Masonry

Bentonite is being explored as a buffer material in high-level nuclear waste repositories for storage due to its unique swelling and sealing properties to provide a safer containment and isolation of radioactive wastes over extended periods in deep underground environments. Also, bentonite provides a reliable substitute for cementitious materials in geo-infrastructure and can enhance grouted rock stability, waterproofing, and rock strength, in addition to contributing to soil stabilization. Sulfate attack in concrete is affected by the availability of sulfate ions, moisture content, temperature fluctuations, and exposure duration. The evaporation-based mechanism requires a boundary that interacts with an atmosphere of lower relative humidity than the water potential in the soil or rock. Alternatively, the rate of evaporation and the gypsum solubility also affect this mechanism.

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