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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It is still healthier than was expected.

The country is looking for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. However, there are signs that a secularist culture is beginning to emerge.

Origins

In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They also traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan, as well as art styles, a written language, and papermaking.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern region of the peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from the citizens and often required them to fight in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications.

At the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They had to be obeyed by all and respected even by their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.

Evolution in Korea

The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are widespread throughout the country.


In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state.

After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a time.

The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.

As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears about job losses.

Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political development that include illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this segment. A 2009 survey revealed that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea focused primarily on educating students and in bringing Christ to them. An increase in interest in creation science came in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.

The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.

KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.

A KACR success was seen at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured support to build an enlightened museum on campus.

In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science. It has also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also established branches in local offices that host talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.

Evolution in South Korea

In the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. ???? ?? , or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. In this time, the famous samulnori or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers as well as other instruments of music.

The economic crisis has formed Korea's new development paradigm. The main challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.

The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. Baekje was a major regional power in the early 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.

His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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