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Evolution Korea The economic crisis that swept Asia forced a major reappraisal of the old system of government-business alliances and public management of private risks. In Korea, that meant a shift in the development paradigm. In a controversial decision, the South Korean government has asked textbooks publishers to ignore calls for removing examples of evolution from high school science texts. This includes the evidence for the evolution of horses and the bird an ancestor Archaeopteryx. 1. Evolution and Religion A South Korean creationist group has persuaded textbook publishers to eliminate evidence of evolution from high school science texts. The move was a result of a campaign by the Society for Textbook Revise (STR) which is an affiliate of the Korea Association for Creation Research which aims to get rid of biology books of "atheist materialism." The STR claims that this kind of materialistic views create a negative image for students, and could lead to their eventual denial of faith. ?????????? around the globe expressed worry when the STR campaign was featured in the news. Jae Choe, an evolutionary biologist at Ewha Womans University, Seoul, complained in an email to Nature's editor that South Korea had succumbed to religious prejudice. ??????? was backed by colleagues from all over the country, who formed a group called Evolution Korea to organize an anti-textbook petition. Some scientists are worried that the STR campaign will be spread to other parts of the globe where creationism is on the rise. The letter to Nature warned of the anti-evolution campaign increasing pressure on textbook revisions, particularly in countries with large Christian and Muslim population. South Korea's cultural background is especially strong in the debate over evolution. 26 percent of South Koreans are members of a religious community, with the majority practicing Christianity or Buddhism. Many Koreans also follow Ch'ondogyo, a philosophy based upon Confucian principles that emphasizes social harmony, individual self-cultivation and self-respect. Ch'ondogyo teaches that human beings are one with Hanulnim, the God of the Sun, and that the heavenly blessings can be obtained through good works. All of this has created an ideal environment for the spread of creationism. Several studies have shown that students with religious backgrounds tend to be more uncomfortable about learning about evolution than students who are not religious. The causes behind this are not evident. Students who have a religious background may not be as knowledgeable about scientific theories, which makes them more vulnerable to creationists influence. Another possible factor is that students with religious backgrounds tend to view evolution as an atheistic concept and therefore less comfortable with it. 2. Evolution and Science In recent years, the scientific community has been concerned about anti-evolution efforts in schools. A study conducted in 2009 found that nearly 40 percent of Americans believe that biological evolution is wrong, and that a belief in it would be contrary to their faith-based beliefs. Despite the fact that creationism has been a huge success in some states, many scientists feel that the best strategy to counter this movement is not to actively engage in it, but to educate people about the evidence that supports evolution. Scientists are accountable for teaching their students science, which includes the theory of evolution. They also need to educate the public on the research process and how knowledge is confirmed. They must also explain that scientific theories are frequently challenged and revised. However, misconceptions about nature and purpose of research can lead to a negative view of evolution. Some people interpret the term "theory" as a guess, or a guess. In science, however, a theory is thoroughly tested and verified using evidence. A theory that is tested and observed repeatedly becomes a scientific principle. The debate over evolutionary theory is an excellent opportunity to discuss the importance of the scientific method and its limitations. It is essential to realize that science cannot answer questions about the purpose or meaning of life it only serves as a mechanism that allows living things to develop and adapt. A well-rounded education should cover all the major scientific fields including evolutionary biology. This is important because many jobs and choices require individuals understand how science operates. The vast majority of scientists around world agree that humans have changed over time. In a recent study, which predicted the views of adults on the consensus on this topic, those with higher levels education and scientific knowledge were found to be more likely believe there is a wide consensus among scientists on the evolution of humans. People with more religious beliefs and have less knowledge of science tend to be more skeptical. It is crucial that educators stress the importance of understanding this consensus so that people can make informed decisions about health care, energy usage and other policy issues. 3. Evolution and Culture Cultural evolution is a cousin of mainstream evolutionary theory. It examines how organisms like humans learn from each other. Researchers in this field use explanatory models and investigative tools adapted from those used by evolutionary theorists. they reach back into human prehistory to find out the origins of our capacity for cultural understanding. This approach also acknowledges the differences between biological and cultural characteristics. While biological traits are typically acquired at once (in sexual species, at fertilization) however, cultural traits can be acquired over a long period of time. The acquisition of one characteristic can affect the growth and development of a different. In Korea, for example, the adoption of Western fashion elements in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century was the result of a variety of events. One of the most significant was the arrival of Japanese occupation forces, who introduced Western clothing styles and hairstyles to Korean society. Then, when Japan departed Korea in the 1930s, some of these trends began revert. By the end World War II, Korea was once again united and again under the Choson dynasty rule. Today, Korea is a vibrant political and economic power. Despite the financial crisis of recent, Korea's economy has been growing at a steady pace over the past decade. It is expected to continue this growth in the coming years. However, the current administration faces numerous challenges. One of the biggest is its inability to develop an effective strategy to tackle the economic crisis. The crisis has exposed weaknesses of the country's economy policies, particularly its dependence on exports and foreign investment, which may not be sustainable in the long run. The crisis has shaken the confidence of investors. In the aftermath, the government must rethink its strategy and find other ways to boost the domestic demand. It must also overhaul the incentive, monitoring, and disciplining systems that are currently in place to create an environment that is stable for the financial sector. This chapter presents several scenarios on how the Korean economy might develop post-crisis. 4. Evolution and Education The challenge for teachers of evolution lies in how to teach evolutionary concepts that are appropriate for different stages of development and ages. Teachers need to, for instance be aware of the diversity of religions in their classrooms and create a welcoming environment where students of both religious and secular perspectives are at ease. Teachers should be able to recognize common misconceptions about evolution and know how to correct them in the classroom. Teachers must also be able to access a range of resources to teach evolution and be able to find them quickly. In this context the Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation was an important step towards bringing evolutionary scientists and educators from a variety of sectors to discuss the most effective methods of teaching about evolution. Attendees included representatives of scientific societies and educational researchers, as well as government funding agency officials as well as curriculum developers. The convergence of these diverse parties helped to identify a shared set of recommendations that will serve as the basis for future action. It is important to include evolution in all science curricula, at every level. National Science Education Standards (NRC) that call for the integration of evolution across all life sciences with an educational progression that is developmental appropriate, are a good way to achieve this goal. Furthermore, a new publication from the NRC offers guidelines for schools on how to integrate evolution into the life science curriculum. Numerous studies have shown that a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of evolution is linked to more knowledge and belief in evolution. However, estimating causal effects in the classroom is challenging given that school curricula are not assigned randomly and evolve over time because of the predetermined timeframe of gubernatorial elections as well as state board of education appointments. To overcome this issue, i use an ongoing dataset that gives me to control state and years fixed effects as well as individual-level variations in teacher beliefs about evolutionary theory. Teachers who are more comfortable in teaching evolution report fewer internal barriers. This is in line with the hypothesis that faculty who are more confident are less likely to avoid evolution-related topics in the classroom, and could be more inclined to use strategies like a reconciliatory method known to increase the students' understanding of evolution.
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