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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the development of new species and the change in appearance of existing ones.

This has been proven by numerous examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can thrive in fresh or saltwater and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in body plans.

?????????? through Natural Selection

The development of the myriad of living creatures on Earth is a mystery that has fascinated scientists for many centuries. ?????????? accepted explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually creates a new species.

Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of three factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction both of which increase the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance refers the transmission of a person’s genetic traits, which include both dominant and recessive genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the process of creating viable, fertile offspring. This can be done by both asexual or sexual methods.

All of these factors must be in harmony to allow natural selection to take place. If, for instance, a dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele, then the dominant allele is more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or reduces the fertility of the population, it will disappear. This process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism with an adaptive trait will survive and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive feature. The higher the level of fitness an organism has which is measured by its ability to reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it can produce. People with good traits, such as having a longer neck in giraffes or bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely survive and produce offspring, which means they will eventually make up the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection is only a force for populations, not individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire traits through use or neglect. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach for prey its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The difference in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe is no longer able to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, alleles of a gene could be at different frequencies in a group due to random events. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough to no longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles will diminish in frequency. This could lead to dominance at the extreme. The other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to a minimum. In a small number of people, this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive allele. This is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that takes place when a large number of individuals move to form a new group.

A phenotypic bottleneck may also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an outbreak or a mass hunting incident are concentrated in a small area. The survivors will share a dominant allele and thus will have the same phenotype. This could be caused by a war, an earthquake or even a disease. Whatever the reason, the genetically distinct population that remains is prone to genetic drift.


Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other is able to reproduce.

This kind of drift can play a significant role in the evolution of an organism. However, it is not the only way to develop. The primary alternative is to use a process known as natural selection, in which phenotypic variation in an individual is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens asserts that there is a big distinction between treating drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution, such as mutation, selection and migration as causes or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces and that this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has both a direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are often exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is commonly referred to as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms through the inheritance of characteristics which result from the natural activities of an organism use and misuse. Lamarckism can be illustrated by a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher leaves in the trees. This could cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to their offspring, which then get taller.

Lamarck the French zoologist, presented an innovative idea in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged previous thinking on organic transformation. In his opinion, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case, but he is widely seen as having given the subject his first comprehensive and comprehensive treatment.

The prevailing story is that Lamarckism was a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection and both theories battled it out in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately won which led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory denies that acquired characteristics are passed down from generation to generation and instead argues organisms evolve by the influence of environment factors, including Natural Selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries endorsed the notion that acquired characters could be passed on to future generations. However, this idea was never a central part of any of their theories about evolution. This is partly because it was never tested scientifically.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics there is a huge body of evidence supporting the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is sometimes called "neo-Lamarckism" or more frequently, epigenetic inheritance. It is a variant of evolution that is just as valid as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution through Adaptation

One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is its being driven by a struggle for survival. This notion is not true and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a struggle to survive in a certain environment. This could include not only other organisms as well as the physical environment.

To understand how ?????????? operates it is important to think about what adaptation is. It refers to a specific characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physiological structure, like feathers or fur or a behavior, such as moving to the shade during hot weather or coming out at night to avoid cold.

The capacity of a living thing to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must have the right genes for producing offspring and be able find sufficient food and resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing itself at an optimal rate within its environmental niche.

These factors, together with mutation and gene flow can result in changes in the ratio of alleles (different types of a gene) in a population's gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies could result in the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.

A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, such as lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to provide insulation and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physiological adaptations, like thick fur or gills are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to search for companions or to move into the shade in hot weather, are not. In addition, it is important to note that a lack of forethought is not a reason to make something an adaptation. In fact, failing to think about the implications of a behavior can make it ineffective, despite the fact that it may appear to be logical or even necessary.

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