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Evolution Explained The most fundamental concept is that all living things alter with time. These changes can help the organism survive, reproduce or adapt better to its environment. Scientists have utilized the new science of genetics to describe how evolution works. They also utilized physical science to determine the amount of energy required to cause these changes. Natural Selection In order for evolution to occur, organisms must be capable of reproducing and passing their genetic traits on to the next generation. This is the process of natural selection, sometimes described as "survival of the best." However, the phrase "fittest" could be misleading since it implies that only the most powerful or fastest organisms will survive and reproduce. In fact, the best species that are well-adapted can best cope with the environment they live in. The environment can change rapidly, and if the population isn't properly adapted, it will be unable survive, leading to an increasing population or becoming extinct. Natural selection is the primary element in the process of evolution. This occurs when desirable phenotypic traits become more common in a given population over time, resulting in the evolution of new species. This process is primarily driven by heritable genetic variations of organisms, which are a result of sexual reproduction. Selective agents can be any environmental force that favors or dissuades certain traits. These forces could be physical, such as temperature or biological, for instance predators. As time passes populations exposed to different agents of selection can develop different that they no longer breed together and are considered to be distinct species. Natural selection is a straightforward concept however it can be difficult to understand. Even among educators and scientists there are a myriad of misconceptions about the process. Surveys have found that students' levels of understanding of evolution are not related to their rates of acceptance of the theory (see references). For example, Brandon's focused definition of selection is limited to differential reproduction and does not include replication or inheritance. Havstad (2011) is one of the authors who have advocated for a more expansive notion of selection that encompasses Darwin's entire process. This could explain both adaptation and species. In addition there are a lot of cases in which a trait increases its proportion in a population, but does not increase the rate at which individuals who have the trait reproduce. These instances may not be classified as natural selection in the narrow sense of the term but could still meet the criteria for a mechanism like this to operate, such as when parents with a particular trait have more offspring than parents without it. Genetic Variation Genetic variation refers to the differences in the sequences of genes between members of a species. Natural selection is one of the main forces behind evolution. Mutations or the normal process of DNA rearranging during cell division can cause variations. Different genetic variants can lead to different traits, such as eye color fur type, eye color or the ability to adapt to challenging environmental conditions. If a trait is beneficial it is more likely to be passed on to future generations. This is known as an advantage that is selective. Phenotypic plasticity is a special kind of heritable variant that allows people to change their appearance and behavior as a response to stress or the environment. These changes can help them to survive in a different habitat or take advantage of an opportunity. For example, they may grow longer fur to shield their bodies from cold or change color to blend into specific surface. These changes in phenotypes, however, are not necessarily affecting the genotype and thus cannot be considered to have caused evolutionary change. Heritable variation allows for adapting to changing environments. It also allows natural selection to work in a way that makes it more likely that individuals will be replaced in a population by those who have characteristics that are favorable for the environment in which they live. In ???? ???? , the rate of gene variation transmission to the next generation may not be fast enough for natural evolution to keep up with. Many harmful traits such as genetic disease are present in the population, despite their negative effects. This is partly because of the phenomenon of reduced penetrance, which means that certain individuals carrying the disease-associated gene variant do not show any symptoms or signs of the condition. Other causes are interactions between genes and environments and non-genetic influences such as diet, lifestyle, and exposure to chemicals. In order to understand why some undesirable traits are not eliminated by natural selection, it is important to gain a better understanding of how genetic variation influences the process of evolution. Recent studies have demonstrated that genome-wide association studies focusing on common variations fail to provide a complete picture of disease susceptibility, and that a significant percentage of heritability is attributed to rare variants. It is necessary to conduct additional sequencing-based studies to identify rare variations in populations across the globe and assess their impact, including the gene-by-environment interaction. Environmental Changes The environment can affect species by altering their environment. This concept is illustrated by the infamous story of the peppered mops. The white-bodied mops that were prevalent in urban areas, in which coal smoke had darkened tree barks, were easy prey for predators while their darker-bodied counterparts thrived in these new conditions. However, the reverse is also true--environmental change may alter species' capacity to adapt to the changes they face. Human activities are causing environmental changes at a global level and the effects of these changes are irreversible. These changes are affecting global biodiversity and ecosystem function. They also pose health risks to humanity, particularly in low-income countries because of the contamination of water, air and soil. For instance the increasing use of coal in developing countries, such as India contributes to climate change, and increases levels of air pollution, which threaten the human lifespan. The world's limited natural resources are being used up at an increasing rate by the human population. This increases the risk that many people are suffering from nutritional deficiencies and not have access to safe drinking water. The impact of human-driven environmental changes on evolutionary outcomes is complex, with microevolutionary responses to these changes likely to reshape the fitness environment of an organism. These changes can also alter the relationship between a specific trait and its environment. For example, a study by Nomoto and co. which involved transplant experiments along an altitudinal gradient demonstrated that changes in environmental signals (such as climate) and competition can alter a plant's phenotype and shift its directional selection away from its traditional match. It is essential to comprehend the ways in which these changes are shaping the microevolutionary responses of today and how we can use this information to predict the fates of natural populations in the Anthropocene. This is vital, since the environmental changes being initiated by humans directly impact conservation efforts, and also for our health and survival. It is therefore vital to continue the research on the relationship between human-driven environmental changes and evolutionary processes on a worldwide scale. The Big Bang There are many theories of the universe's development and creation. None of is as widely accepted as Big Bang theory. It is now a standard in science classrooms. The theory explains many observed phenomena, such as the abundance of light-elements the cosmic microwave back ground radiation, and the large scale structure of the Universe. The Big Bang Theory is a simple explanation of how the universe started, 13.8 billions years ago, as a dense and extremely hot cauldron. Since then it has expanded. This expansion has shaped everything that is present today, including the Earth and its inhabitants. This theory is the most supported by a mix of evidence. This includes the fact that the universe appears flat to us; the kinetic energy and thermal energy of the particles that compose it; the variations in temperature in the cosmic microwave background radiation; and the abundance of heavy and light elements found in the Universe. Furthermore the Big Bang theory also fits well with the data collected by telescopes and astronomical observatories and particle accelerators as well as high-energy states. In the beginning of the 20th century the Big Bang was a minority opinion among scientists. Fred Hoyle publicly criticized it in 1949. However, after World War II, observational data began to come in that tilted the scales in favor of the Big Bang. Arno Pennzias, Robert Wilson, and others discovered the cosmic background radiation in 1964. The omnidirectional microwave signal is the result of time-dependent expansion of the Universe. The discovery of the ionized radiation with an observable spectrum that is consistent with a blackbody, which is around 2.725 K was a major turning point for the Big Bang Theory and tipped it in its favor against the prevailing Steady state model. The Big Bang is an important element of "The Big Bang Theory," a popular TV show. The show's characters Sheldon and Leonard make use of this theory to explain a variety of phenomena and observations, including their study of how peanut butter and jelly get mixed together.
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