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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than we had hoped for.

The country is searching for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. But there are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.

Origins

In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon, paper making, block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or build fortifications.

Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. ??????? adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a tenet. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be revered and obeyed by all people, even their grandchildren and children.

Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.

The evolution of Korea

The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form cist graves that were lined with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from huge single stones, are also widespread throughout the country.

Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a legitimate Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Among them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.

The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.

As Korea enters a post-crisis phase, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system advocate the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, people who support the old system seek to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, as well as by inflating fears about potential job loss.

The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas development towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies significant factors that may influence these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views to this population. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost one third of respondents do not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't comprehend it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.

In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science began in the year 1980, following an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event drew an audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.

The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it reported on its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country in churches and universities.

One example of an KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, there were enough students fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to put up a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.

In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches that conduct seminars and provide talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.

Changes in South Korea

In the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. ???? ?? ??? , the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. At this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other musical instruments.

Korea's new model of development is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives and monitoring strategies that have been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.

Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.


The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.

However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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