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Evolution Korea The economic crisis that swept Asia caused a significant rethinking of the old model of government-business alliances and the management by the public of private risks. In Korea, that required a change in the development paradigm. In a controversial decision, the South Korean government has requested publishers of textbooks to ignore calls for the removal of examples of evolution from high school science texts. This includes the evidence supporting the evolution of horses and the avian ancestor Archaeopteryx. 1. Evolution and Religion A South Korean creationist group has pushed textbook publishers to eliminate evidence of evolution from high-school science texts. The move was a result of a campaign run by the Society for Textbook Revise (STR) which is an affiliate of the Korea Association for Creation Research, which wants to rid textbooks on biology of "atheist materialism." The STR asserts that such materialism creates negative images to students, making them lose faith. Scientists across the globe expressed worry when the STR campaign gained attention. In a letter addressed to the editor of Nature evolutionary biologist Jae Choe from Ewha Womans University in Seoul complained that South Korea had given in to religious prejudice. He was supported by colleagues across the country, who formed a group called Evolution Korea to organize a petition to protest the changes to the textbooks. Researchers are also concerned about the possibility that the STR campaign will be spread to other parts of the world where the belief in the spread of creationism is increasing. The letter to Nature warned of the anti-evolution campaign increasing pressure on textbook revisions, especially in countries with large Christian and Muslim population. The South Korean culture is particularly strong in the evolution debate. 26 percent of the nation's citizens belong to an organized religion, and most adhere to Christianity or Buddhism. In addition, many Koreans adhere to the Ch'ondogyo philosophy, which is based on Confucian principles that emphasizes social harmony and personal self-cultivation. Ch'ondogyo is a belief system that teaches that humans are in a relationship with Hanulnim, the God of the Sun, and that heaven-bound blessings are possible through good works. All of this has made creationism a fertile ground. Multiple studies have shown students who have a religious background to be more reluctant to learn about evolution than those who do not. The underlying causes are not evident. ??????? is that students with a religious background tend not to be as knowledgeable about scientific concepts and theories which makes them more vulnerable to the influence of creationists. Another possibility is that students who have a religious background are more likely to see evolution as a religious concept, which may make them less comfortable with the idea. 2. Evolution and Science In recent years, anti-evolution campaigns in schools have caused concern among the scientific community. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly 40 percent of Americans believed that biological evolution was not true and that it could conflict with their religious beliefs. Despite the fact that creationism has been a huge success in certain states, many scientists believe that the best method to stop this trend is not to actively engage in it, but to educate people about the evidence supporting evolution. Scientists are responsible to teach their students science that includes the theory of evolution. They must also inform the public about the research process and the way in which knowledge is verified. They must explain how scientific theories are frequently challenged and modified. However, misunderstandings about the nature of scientific research frequently cause people to believe that evolution is not real. Some people confuse the word "theory" as a hunch, or a guess. In science, however the theory is thoroughly tested and verified using empirical evidence. A theory that is tested and observed repeatedly becomes a scientific principal. The debate over the theory of evolution is a wonderful occasion to discuss both the importance of the scientific method and its limitations. It is important that people understand that science is not able to answer questions about life's purpose or meaning, but rather provides a mechanism for living things to evolve and adapt. A comprehensive education should include exposure to the major fields of science including evolutionary biology. This is especially important since the jobs people are employed in and the decisions they make require understanding of how science functions. The vast majority of scientists across the world accept that humans have evolved over time. In a recent study, which predicted the views of adults on the consensus around this issue those with higher levels of education and scientific knowledge were found to be more likely to believe there is a wide agreement among scientists regarding human evolution. People with a higher level of religious belief but less scientific knowledge tend to disagree more. It is critical that educators emphasize the importance of knowing the general consensus on this issue, so that people are able to making informed decisions about their health care, energy usage, and other policy issues. 3. ???? ??? and Culture Cultural evolution is a close cousin of the popular evolutionary theory. It focuses on how humans and other organisms learn from each other. Researchers in this field utilize elaborate models and tools adapted from those used by evolutionary theorists. they look back to human prehistory to discover the genesis of our capacity to learn about culture. This approach also acknowledges the difference between biological and cultural traits. While biological traits are largely inherited all at once (in sexual species, during fertilization) however, cultural traits can be acquired over a lengthy period of time. The acquisition of one cultural characteristic can affect the development and growth of a different. In Korea for instance, the adoption of Western fashion elements in the latter part of the 19th century and the early 20th centuries was the result of a complex series of events. One of the most significant was the arrival of Japanese occupation forces, who introduced Western hairstyles and styles of clothing to Korean society. After that, when Japan departed Korea in the 1930s, a portion of those trends began to change. At the close of World War II, Korea was once again united, this time under Choson dynasty rule. Today, Korea is an economic and political power. Despite the recent financial crisis the economy of Korea has been growing at a steady pace over the past decade. It is anticipated to continue to grow in the future. The current administration is faced with a variety of challenges. One of the most serious is the inability to come up with a coherent policy to tackle the economic crisis. The crisis has exposed weaknesses of the country's economic policies, mainly its overreliance on foreign investment and exports which might not be sustainable over the long term. The crisis has shaken confidence of investors. This means that the government has to reconsider its approach and find other ways to boost the domestic demand. It will also have to overhaul the incentive monitoring, monitoring, and discipline systems that are currently in place to ensure the stability of the financial system. This chapter offers a variety of scenarios for how the Korean economy could develop in a post-crisis world. 4. Evolution and Education The challenge for evolution educators is to teach evolutionary concepts that are appropriate for various stages of development and ages. Teachers, for instance, must be aware of the diversity of religions in their classrooms and create a space where students with religious and secular beliefs feel comfortable in learning about evolution. Additionally, teachers must be aware of common misconceptions about evolution, and how to deal with them in their classrooms. Teachers must also have access to a variety of resources for teaching evolution and be able to find them quickly. In this context, Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation had a key role in bringing together evolutionary researchers and educators from a variety of sectors to discuss the best methods of teaching Evolution. The participants included representatives from scientific societies, educational researchers, government funding agency officials, and curriculum developers. The convergence of different participants helped to identify the common recommendations that will form the basis for future actions. It is crucial to include evolution in all science curricula, at every level. National Science Education Standards (NRC) that call for the integration of evolution across all life sciences with the developmentally appropriate, are a way to achieve this goal. A new publication from the NRC provides guidance to schools about how to incorporate evolution into the life science curriculum. A number of studies have demonstrated that a more thorough teaching of evolution is linked to higher levels of student understanding and belief in the existence of evolution. It is difficult to quantify causal effects in the classroom since the curriculum for schools do not change randomly and are dependent on the timing of the state board of education and gubernatorial election. To overcome this limitation I utilize a longitudinal data set which allows me to account for fixed state and year effects as well as individual-level variations in the beliefs of teachers about evolution. Teachers who are more comfortable in teaching evolution have fewer internal barriers. This is in line with the idea that a more confident faculty is less likely to avoid evolution topics in the classroom. Additionally, they might be more likely use strategies such as the reconciliatory approach that has been proven to improve the acceptance of undergraduate students of evolution (Harms and Reiss 2019; Tolman et al. 2020).
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