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Evolution Korea The financial crisis that struck Asia caused a significant rethinking of the old system of business-government alliances and the management by the public of private risks. In Korea, that meant a shift in the development paradigm. In a controversial decision, the South Korean government has requested textbook publishers to ignore requests to remove examples of evolution in high school science texts. This includes evidence for the evolution of horses and the bird ancestral Archaeopteryx. 1. Evolution and Religion A South Korean creationist group has convinced textbook publishers to remove evidence of evolution from high-school science texts. The move was a result of a campaign by the Society for Textbook Revise (STR) an independent branch of the Korea Association for Creation Research, which wants to rid biology textbooks of "atheist materialism." The STR asserts that such materialism creates negative images to students, making them be skeptical. When the STR's ad campaign made the news, scientists around the world expressed alarm. In a letter to the editor of Nature, evolutionary biologist Jae Choe from Ewha Womans University in Seoul complained that South Korea had given in to religious prejudice. He was backed by colleagues from around the country who formed an organization called Evolution Korea to organize an anti-textbook petition. Some scientists are worried that the STR could expand to other parts of the world, where the belief in creationism has been increasing. The letter to Nature warned of the anti-evolution movement putting more pressure on textbook revisions, particularly in countries with large Christian and Muslim populations. South Korea's culture is particularly strong for the debate on evolution. Twenty-six percent of the country's citizens are members of an organized religion and the majority practice Christianity or Buddhism. Many Koreans also adhere to Ch'ondogyo, an ideology based on Confucian principles that emphasizes social harmony, individual self-cultivation, and self-respect. Ch'ondogyo is a belief system that teaches that humans are one with Hanulnim, the God of the Sun, and that heavenly blessings can be obtained through the good deeds of a person. All of this has made creationism a fertile field. A number of studies have demonstrated that students who have religious backgrounds tend to be more uncomfortable when learning about evolution than those who do not have a religious background. ??????? underlying reasons for this phenomenon are unclear. Students who are religious might be less familiar with the theories of science, making them more vulnerable to creationists' influence. Another possible factor is that students with a religious background are more likely to view evolution as an atheistic idea, which may make them less comfortable with it. 2. Evolution and Science In recent years, the scientific community has been concerned about anti-evolution initiatives in schools. A 2009 survey revealed that over 40% of Americans believe that biological evolution is a lie, and that a belief in it would conflict with their religious beliefs. Many scientists believe that despite the fact that creationism has been successful the best way to counter this belief is to educate the public about the evidence supporting evolution. Scientists are responsible for teaching their students science including the theory of evolution. They should also educate the public on the research process and the way in which knowledge is confirmed. They must explain how theories of science are often challenged and revised. However, misconceptions about the nature of scientific research often fuel anti-evolution beliefs. Some people confuse the word "theory" as a guess, or a guess. In the field of science, however, a hypothesis is rigorously tested and empirical data is used to verify it. A theory that has survived repeated testing and observation is an established scientific principle. The debate over evolutionary theory is a good opportunity to discuss the significance of the scientific method and its limitations. It is essential that people understand that science is not able to answer questions about the purpose of life or meaning, but rather allows living things to evolve and evolve. A well-rounded education must include exposure to the major fields of science including evolutionary biology. This is crucial because a lot of jobs and decisions require that people understand how science works. The majority of scientists around the world agree that humans have changed through time. In a recent study that predicted adults' views of the consensus on this topic, those with higher levels education and science knowledge were found to be more likely believe there is a wide agreement among scientists regarding human evolution. Those with more religious faith but less scientific knowledge tend to disagree more. It is crucial that educators stress the importance of understanding this consensus to enable people to make informed decisions regarding energy use, health care and other policy issues. 3. Evolution and Culture A close cousin to mainstream evolutionary theory, cultural evolution studies the numerous ways that humans and other species learn from and with each other. Researchers in this field use elaborate models and tools that are adapted from the ones used by evolutionary theorists. they look back to human prehistory to discover the genesis of our capacity for culture. This approach also acknowledges the difference between biological and cultural traits. While biological traits are largely acquired in one go (in sexual species, during fertilization) however, cultural traits can be acquired over a lengthy period of time. In the end, the acquisition of one trait can influence the development of another. In Korea for instance, the adoption of Western fashion elements in the late 19th century and the early 20th century was the result of a complex series of events. One of the most significant was the arrival in Korea of Japanese occupation forces that introduced Western hairstyles and clothing. After that, when Japan departed Korea in the 1930s, a portion of these trends began reverse. At the close of World War II, Korea had once again unified and was again under the rule of the Choson dynasty. Today, Korea is an economic and political power. Despite the recent global financial crisis, the economy of Korea has grown consistently over the last decade and is poised to continue its healthy growth in the future. However, the current government faces numerous challenges. One of the biggest is the inability to come up with a coherent policy to deal with the economic crisis. The crisis has exposed the shortcomings of the country's economic policies, including its excessive dependence on foreign investment and exports that may not be sustainable over the long term. Since the financial crisis has destroyed the confidence of investors, the government must review its economic strategy and look for alternative ways to boost domestic demand. To ensure a stable economic climate, the government will have to reform its incentive system, monitoring and discipline. This chapter presents several scenarios on how the Korean economy might develop in a post-crisis world. 4. Evolution and Education The challenge for teachers of evolution lies in how to teach evolutionary concepts that are appropriate for various stages of development and ages. Teachers should, for instance be mindful of the diversity of religions in their classrooms and create a welcoming environment where students from both secular and religious beliefs are at ease. Teachers must be able to recognize common misconceptions about evolution and know how to address them in the classroom. Additionally, teachers should have access to a range of resources that are available to teach evolution and be able to find them quickly. In this context, the Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation was a crucial step towards bringing evolutionary scientists and educators from a range of fields to discuss most effective methods of teaching evolution. Participants included representatives from scientific societies and educational research organizations, as well as officials of government funding agencies as well as curriculum developers. The convergence of these diverse parties resulted in a consensus set of recommendations that will be the foundation for future actions. One of the most important recommendations is that the subject of evolution should be incorporated in all science curricula at any level. To accomplish this, the National Science Education Standards (NRC) call for evolution to be taught in a seamless manner across all sciences, with a progression of concepts that are developmental appropriate. A new publication from NRC provides guidance to schools about how to incorporate evolution into the life science curriculum. A number of studies have demonstrated that a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of evolution is associated with greater student knowledge and belief in the concept of evolution. It is difficult to quantify the causal effects of evolution in the classroom since the curriculum for schools do not change randomly and are influenced by the timing of the state board of education and gubernatorial elections. To overcome this issue I employ a longitudinal data set which allows me to control for fixed state and year effects as well as individual-level variations in teacher beliefs about evolution. Teachers who are more comfortable in teaching evolution have fewer internal barriers. This is in line with the notion that faculty who are more confident are less likely to avoid questions about evolution in the classroom. They may also be more inclined to use strategies like a reconciliatory method known to increase undergraduate students' acceptance of evolution.
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