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Evolution Korea The financial crisis that hit Asia led to a major rethinking of the traditional system of government, business alliances, as well the public management of risks. In Korea, this meant a change in the model of development. In a controversial move, South Korea's government has asked textbook publishers not to comply with calls to eliminate examples of evolution from science textbooks for high school students. This includes the evidence for the evolution of horses as well as the Avian ancestor Archaeopteryx. 1. Evolution and Religion A South Korean creationist group has persuaded textbook publishers to remove evidence of evolution from high-school science texts. The move was a result of a campaign by the Society for Textbook Revise (STR), an independent branch of the Korea Association for Creation Research that aims to clear biology books of "atheist materialism." The STR asserts that such materialism creates negative images to students, leading them to be skeptical. When the STR's ad campaign made the news, scientists around the world expressed concern. In a letter to the editor of Nature, evolutionary biologist Jae Choe at Ewha Womans University in Seoul complained that South Korea had given in to religious prejudice. He was backed by colleagues from across the country, who set up an organization called Evolution Korea to organize a petition against the changes to the textbooks. Some researchers are concerned that the STR will expand to other parts of the globe, where creationism has been on the rise. The letter to Nature warned of the anti-evolution campaign increasing pressure on textbook revisions, especially in countries with large Christian and Muslim populations. South Korea's cultural background is particularly strong in the evolution debate. 26 percent of South Koreans are part of a religious community, with the majority practicing Christianity or Buddhism. Many Koreans also adhere to Ch'ondogyo, an ideology based on Confucian principles, which emphasizes harmony in the social, personal self-cultivation and self-respect. Ch'ondogyo teaches that the human being is one with Hanulnim the God of Sun and that heavenly blessings can be achieved through the good works of one's. All of this has made creationism fertile field. A number of studies have demonstrated that students who have religious backgrounds tend to feel more uncomfortable about learning evolution than those who do not have a religious background. The causes behind this are not obvious. Students who have a religious background may be less knowledgeable about the theories of science, making them more vulnerable to creationists influence. Another factor could be that students with religious backgrounds may see evolution as a belief system that is agnostic, making them feel uncomfortable. 2. Evolution and Science In recent years, scientists have been concerned about anti-evolution efforts in schools. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly 40 percent of Americans believed that biological evolution was not true and that it would conflict their religious beliefs. Many scientists believe that despite the success of creationism the best method to combat this movement is to educate the public on the evidence that supports evolution. Scientists are accountable to teach their students science, which includes the theory of evolution. They must also inform the public about the research process and how knowledge is validated. They must also explain that theories of science are frequently challenged and reformulated. However, misinformation about the nature and purpose of research can lead to anti-evolution beliefs. For instance, some people may confuse the word "theory" with the normal meaning of the word - a hunch or guess. In the field of science, however, the hypothesis is tested thoroughly and empirical evidence is used to verify it. A theory that survives repeated testing and observation is a scientific concept. The debate over evolutionary theory is an excellent opportunity to discuss the significance of the scientific method and its limitations. ???? ??? ??? is crucial that people understand that science cannot answer questions about the purpose of life or meaning, but rather provides a mechanism for living things to evolve and change. A well-rounded education should also include exposure to all major scientific fields including evolutionary biology. This is especially important since the jobs that people hold and the decisions they make require a understanding of how science works. The majority of scientists across the world believe that humans have changed over time. In a recent study, which predicted the views of adults on the consensus on this topic, those with higher levels education and science knowledge were found to be more likely believe that there is a broad agreement among scientists about human evolution. People with a higher level of religious belief but less scientific knowledge tend to disagree more. It is critical that educators emphasize the importance of knowing the general consensus on this issue to ensure that individuals are able to making informed choices about their health care, energy use and other issues of policy. 3. Evolution and Culture Cultural evolution is a close relative of the popular evolutionary theory. It focuses on the ways that humans and other species learn from one another. Researchers in this field use explanatory models and investigative tools adapted from those used by evolutionary theorists, and they look back to human prehistory to find out the genesis of our capacity for cultural understanding. This approach also recognizes the distinction between traits that are cultural and biological. Cultural traits can be acquired slowly, whereas biological traits are typically acquired simultaneously (in the case of sexual species after fertilization). In the end, the emergence of one cultural characteristic can affect the development of another. In Korea the introduction of Western styles in the late nineteenth and early 20th century was the result of a complex sequence of events. One of the most significant was the arrival in Korea of Japanese occupation forces who introduced Western hairstyles and clothing. When Japan departed Korea in the 1930s, some of these trends began change. By the end of World War II, Korea had once again unified but this time under the rule of the Choson dynasty. Today, Korea is a vibrant economic and political power. Despite the recent global financial crisis, the economy of Korea has grown steadily in the past decade and is expected to continue its healthy growth in the future. However, the current administration has many challenges to face. The inability of the government to come up with a coherent plan to address the current economic crisis is one of the biggest challenges. The crisis has revealed weaknesses of the country's policies particularly its dependence on exports and foreign investment which could not last. As the crisis has shattered the confidence of investors, the government has to review its economic strategy and find alternatives to increase domestic demand. It must also overhaul the incentive monitoring, control, and discipline systems that are currently in place to create the stability of the financial system. This chapter offers a variety of scenarios for how the Korean economy might develop post-crisis. 4. Evolution and Education The challenge for evolution educators lies in how to teach evolutionary concepts that are appropriate for various stages of development and ages. Teachers need to, for instance be aware of the diversity of religions within their classrooms and create an environment where students of both religious and secular perspectives are comfortable. Teachers should also be able to identify common misconceptions regarding evolution and be able to address them in the classroom. Teachers should also have quick access to the many resources to teach evolution. In this context the Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation was an important step towards bringing evolutionary scientists and educators from a variety of disciplines to discuss best methods for teaching evolution. Attendees included representatives of scientific societies, educational researchers, government funding agency officials and curriculum designers. The convergence of different stakeholders led to the development of the common recommendations that will serve as the basis for future actions. One of the most important recommendations is that the subject of evolution should be incorporated in all science curricula at any level. To achieve this goal it is recommended that the National Science Education Standards (NRC) require that evolution be taught in a unified manner across all life sciences using a sequence of ideas that are developmentally appropriate. A new publication from the NRC offers guidance to schools about how to incorporate evolution into the life science curriculum. Numerous studies have shown that a more comprehensive teaching of evolution is associated with more knowledge and belief in the concept of evolution. However, estimating the causal impact of teaching in the classroom is difficult given that school curricula are not randomly assigned and evolve over time because of the predetermined timing of gubernatorial elections and appointments to the state board of education. To overcome this problem I use a longitudinal data set that gives me control for the effects of years and states fixed as well as individual-level variations in teacher beliefs about evolutionary theory. Teachers who are more comfortable teaching evolution also have less internal barriers. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a faculty with more confidence is less likely to avoid tackling evolution subjects in the classroom. They also may be more likely to use strategies such as a reconciliatory approach known to increase the acceptance of undergraduate students of evolution (Harms and Reiss 2019; Tolman et al., 2020).
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