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Evolution Korea The economic crisis that hit Asia required a major review of the old system of business-government alliances and the public management of private risks. In Korea this meant a change in the development paradigm. In a controversial move, the South Korean government has requested publishers of textbooks to ignore calls for removing examples of evolution from high school science textbooks. This includes evidence of the evolution of horses as well as the bird an ancestor Archaeopteryx. 1. Evolution and Religion A creationist group in South Korea has successfully convinced textbook publishers to remove evidence of evolution in high school science textbooks. The Society for Textbook Revise, an offshoot of the Korea Association for Creation Research that wants to rid biology textbooks of "atheist materialism," was behind the decision. The STR asserts that such materialism creates negative images to students, leading them to be skeptical. Scientists around the globe expressed concern when the STR campaign was featured in the news. Jae Choe, evolutionary biologist at Ewha Womans University, Seoul, complained in an open letter to Nature's editor that South Korea had succumbed to religious prejudice. He was supported by colleagues from across the country, who formed an organization called Evolution Korea to organize a petition to protest the changes to the textbooks. Some scientists are worried that the STR could be spread to other regions of the world, where the belief in creationism has been on the rise. The letter to Nature warned of the anti-evolution campaign increasing pressure on textbook revisions, particularly in countries with large Christian and Muslim populations. South Korea's cultural background is particularly strong for the evolution debate. 26 percent of South Koreans belong to of a religious community, with the majority practicing Christianity or Buddhism. Additionally, a large portion of Koreans adhere to the Ch'ondogyo philosophy, which is founded on Confucian principles which emphasizes harmony in society and personal self-cultivation. Ch'ondogyo teaches that the human being is one with Hanulnim the God of Sun, and that divine blessings can be achieved by doing good deeds. All of this has made creationism fertile ground. Multiple studies have shown students with religious backgrounds to be more reluctant to learn about evolution than those who don't. The underlying reasons for this phenomenon are not clear. Students who have a religious background may not be as experienced with scientific theories, which makes them more susceptible to the creationists influence. Another reason could be that students who have religious backgrounds are more likely to see evolution as an atheistic idea, which may make them less at ease with it. 2. Evolution and Science In recent years, anti-evolution campaigns in schools have raised concerns among the scientific community. A 2009 survey revealed that more than 40 percent of Americans believe that biological evolution is not true and that believing in it would conflict with their religious beliefs. Despite the fact that creationism has been a huge success in some states, a lot of scientists feel that the best way to counter this movement is not to be actively involved in it, but rather to inform the public on the evidence supporting evolution. Scientists have a duty to instruct their students in science and the theory of evolution. They must also inform people about the scientific process and how knowledge is gathered and validated. They should explain how scientific theories are often challenged and modified. However, misconceptions about nature and purpose of research can lead to a negative view of evolution. Some people interpret the term "theory" as a guess, or a guess. In science, however the theory is rigorously tested and verified with empirical evidence. A theory that survives repeated testing and observations becomes a scientific concept. The debate over evolution theory is an excellent occasion to discuss both the importance of the scientific method and its limitations. It is crucial for people to recognize that science is unable to answer questions regarding the purpose or meaning of life, but it is merely a means by which living things can develop and adapt. Furthermore, a comprehensive education should cover the vast majority of scientific fields that include evolutionary biology. This is essential because a variety of jobs and decisions require people know how science works. The vast majority of scientists around world accept that humans have evolved over time. In a study that predicted the views of adults on the consensus around this issue, those with higher levels education and knowledge of science were found to be more likely to believe that there is a broad agreement among scientists regarding human evolution. The people with more religious faith and less knowledge of science tend to be more skeptical. It is critical that educators insist on the importance of understanding the general consensus on this issue to ensure that individuals have a solid foundation for making informed decisions about their health care, energy use, and other policy issues. 3. Evolution and Culture A close relative to the popular evolutionary theory, the concept of cultural evolution explores the many ways that humans and other species learn from and with one another. Researchers in this field employ explanation models and tools that are adapted from those employed by evolutionary theorists, and they go back to human prehistory to find out the genesis of our capacity for cultural understanding. This method also acknowledges the distinction between cultural and biological traits. While biological traits are largely acquired in one go (in sexual species, after fertilization), cultural traits can be acquired over a protracted period of time. The acquisition of a cultural characteristic may affect the development and growth of another. In Korea for instance, the adoption of Western fashion elements in the latter part of the 19th century and the early 20th century was a result of a complex series of events. One of the most important was the arrival of Japanese occupation forces, who introduced Western hairstyles and styles of clothing to Korean society. Then, when Japan departed Korea in the 1930s, a portion of these trends began to reverse. By ?????????? of World War II, Korea had once again unified, this time under the rule of the Choson dynasty. Today, Korea is a vibrant economic and political power. Despite the recent global financial crisis, the country's economy has grown consistently over the past decade and is expected to sustain its steady growth in the coming years. The current administration is faced with a variety of challenges. The government's inability to formulate an effective strategy to address the current economic crisis is one the biggest obstacles. The crisis has exposed the shortcomings of the country's economic policies, mainly its overreliance on exports and foreign investment, which may not be sustainable over the long term. The crisis has shaken the confidence of investors, the government must rethink its economic strategy and find alternatives to increase domestic demand. To ensure a stable economic climate the government will need to reform its incentive system, monitoring and discipline. This chapter offers a variety of scenarios of how the Korean economy might develop post-crisis. 4. Evolution and Education The challenge for teachers of evolution is to teach evolutionary concepts that are appropriate for various levels of development and ages. Teachers should, for instance be mindful of the diversity of religions within their classrooms and create an environment where students with both religious and secular beliefs are at ease. Teachers must also recognize common misconceptions about evolution, and how to deal with these in their classrooms. Teachers must also have access to a variety of resources available to teach evolution and be able to find them quickly. In this regard the Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation was an important step towards bringing evolutionary scientists and educators from a range of sectors to discuss the best practices for teaching about evolution. Attendees included representatives of scientific societies as well as educational researchers, officials of government funding agencies as well as curriculum developers. The convergence of these diverse parties resulted in a consensus set of recommendations that will form the basis for future action. It is essential to incorporate evolution in all science curricula at every level. To achieve this the National Science Education Standards (NRC) require that evolution be taught in a seamless way across the life sciences using a sequence of concepts that are developmental appropriate. Furthermore, a new publication from the NRC offers guidance for schools on how to integrate evolution into the life science curriculum. A number of studies have demonstrated that a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of evolution is associated with higher levels of student understanding and belief in evolution. However the estimation of causal effects in the classroom is challenging because school curriculums are not randomly assigned and evolve over time because of the predetermined timeframe of gubernatorial elections as well as appointments to the state board of education. To overcome this issue I utilize an ongoing data set that allows me to account for state and year fixed effects and individual-level variation in teacher beliefs regarding evolution. Another significant finding is that teachers who feel more comfortable teaching about evolution report having fewer intrapersonal barriers to doing so. This is in line with the notion that faculty who are more confident are less likely to avoid evolution-related topics in the classroom, and could be more inclined to employ strategies like a reconciliatory method that is known to boost the acceptance of undergraduate students of evolution.
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