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Evolution Explained The most fundamental concept is that all living things change as they age. These changes could help the organism to survive or reproduce, or be more adapted to its environment. Main Page have utilized genetics, a new science, to explain how evolution happens. They have also used physics to calculate the amount of energy needed to cause these changes. Natural Selection In order for evolution to occur, organisms need to be able reproduce and pass their genetic traits onto the next generation. Natural selection is sometimes called "survival for the strongest." But the term is often misleading, since it implies that only the fastest or strongest organisms will be able to reproduce and survive. In fact, the best species that are well-adapted can best cope with the environment in which they live. Environmental conditions can change rapidly and if a population isn't properly adapted, it will be unable survive, resulting in the population shrinking or becoming extinct. The most fundamental component of evolution is natural selection. This happens when advantageous phenotypic traits are more common in a given population over time, leading to the creation of new species. This process is primarily driven by heritable genetic variations in organisms, which are the result of mutation and sexual reproduction. Any element in the environment that favors or defavors particular traits can act as a selective agent. These forces could be biological, such as predators, or physical, like temperature. Over time populations exposed to various agents are able to evolve different that they no longer breed and are regarded as separate species. Although the concept of natural selection is straightforward however, it's not always easy to understand. Even among scientists and educators, there are many misconceptions about the process. Studies have revealed that students' understanding levels of evolution are only weakly associated with their level of acceptance of the theory (see references). Brandon's definition of selection is limited to differential reproduction, and does not include inheritance. Havstad (2011) is one of many authors who have argued for a more broad concept of selection that encompasses Darwin's entire process. This could explain the evolution of species and adaptation. There are instances when an individual trait is increased in its proportion within a population, but not in the rate of reproduction. These instances may not be classified as natural selection in the narrow sense but may still fit Lewontin's conditions for a mechanism to function, for instance the case where parents with a specific trait have more offspring than parents without it. Genetic Variation Genetic variation is the difference in the sequences of genes among members of an animal species. It is this variation that enables natural selection, one of the primary forces that drive evolution. Variation can occur due to mutations or through the normal process by which DNA is rearranged in cell division (genetic Recombination). Different gene variants could result in different traits, such as the color of eyes, fur type, or the ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. If a trait is advantageous it is more likely to be passed down to the next generation. This is referred to as a selective advantage. Phenotypic plasticity is a special kind of heritable variant that allows individuals to modify their appearance and behavior in response to stress or their environment. These changes can help them survive in a different environment or take advantage of an opportunity. For instance, they may grow longer fur to protect themselves from cold, or change color to blend into a certain surface. These changes in phenotypes, however, do not necessarily affect the genotype and thus cannot be thought to have contributed to evolution. Heritable variation is essential for evolution since it allows for adapting to changing environments. It also permits natural selection to operate in a way that makes it more likely that individuals will be replaced by individuals with characteristics that are suitable for the particular environment. In some instances, however the rate of gene transmission to the next generation may not be fast enough for natural evolution to keep up with. Many negative traits, like genetic diseases, persist in the population despite being harmful. This is partly because of a phenomenon known as reduced penetrance, which implies that some people with the disease-associated gene variant do not exhibit any symptoms or signs of the condition. Other causes include gene-by- environment interactions and non-genetic factors such as lifestyle or diet as well as exposure to chemicals. In order to understand the reasons why certain undesirable traits are not eliminated through natural selection, it is necessary to gain an understanding of how genetic variation influences the evolution. Recent studies have revealed that genome-wide associations focusing on common variants do not reveal the full picture of the susceptibility to disease and that a significant percentage of heritability is attributed to rare variants. It is necessary to conduct additional studies based on sequencing in order to catalog rare variations across populations worldwide and to determine their impact, including gene-by-environment interaction. Environmental Changes The environment can influence species by altering their environment. This principle is illustrated by the famous tale of the peppered mops. The white-bodied mops, which were abundant in urban areas, where coal smoke had blackened tree barks, were easy prey for predators, while their darker-bodied cousins thrived under these new circumstances. The reverse is also true that environmental changes can affect species' abilities to adapt to the changes they face. Human activities are causing global environmental change and their impacts are irreversible. These changes are affecting ecosystem function and biodiversity. Additionally they pose serious health hazards to humanity particularly in low-income countries as a result of pollution of water, air soil, and food. For instance an example, the growing use of coal in developing countries, such as India contributes to climate change and also increases the amount of pollution in the air, which can threaten the human lifespan. The world's limited natural resources are being used up in a growing rate by the population of humans. This increases the chance that a lot of people will suffer from nutritional deficiencies and not have access to safe drinking water. The impact of human-driven environmental changes on evolutionary outcomes is a complex matter microevolutionary responses to these changes likely to reshape the fitness landscape of an organism. These changes can also alter the relationship between a specific characteristic and its environment. For instance, a research by Nomoto et al., involving transplant experiments along an altitude gradient showed that changes in environmental cues (such as climate) and competition can alter a plant's phenotype and shift its directional choice away from its historical optimal fit. It is therefore crucial to know how these changes are shaping contemporary microevolutionary responses and how this information can be used to determine the fate of natural populations in the Anthropocene period. This is vital, since the environmental changes being initiated by humans directly impact conservation efforts as well as our health and survival. It is therefore vital to continue research on the interaction of human-driven environmental changes and evolutionary processes at global scale. The Big Bang There are many theories about the origin and expansion of the Universe. However, none of them is as widely accepted as the Big Bang theory, which has become a commonplace in the science classroom. The theory provides a wide variety of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, cosmic microwave background radiation as well as the massive structure of the Universe. The Big Bang Theory is a simple explanation of how the universe began, 13.8 billions years ago as a huge and unimaginably hot cauldron. Since then it has expanded. This expansion has created everything that exists today, including the Earth and its inhabitants. This theory is supported by a myriad of evidence. These include the fact that we view the universe as flat and a flat surface, the kinetic and thermal energy of its particles, the temperature variations of the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundances and densities of lighter and heavy elements in the Universe. The Big Bang theory is also well-suited to the data collected by particle accelerators, astronomical telescopes, and high-energy states. In the early 20th century, scientists held an opinion that was not widely held on the Big Bang. Fred Hoyle publicly criticized it in 1949. After World War II, observations began to emerge that tilted scales in favor the Big Bang. Arno Pennzias, Robert Wilson, and others discovered the cosmic background radiation in 1964. This omnidirectional microwave signal is the result of a time-dependent expansion of the Universe. The discovery of the ionized radiation, with an apparent spectrum that is in line with a blackbody, at about 2.725 K was a major turning-point for the Big Bang Theory and tipped it in its favor against the prevailing Steady state model. The Big Bang is an important part of "The Big Bang Theory," a popular TV show. In the program, Sheldon and Leonard make use of this theory to explain various phenomenons and observations, such as their study of how peanut butter and jelly get mixed together.
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