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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes of living organisms can lead them to evolve over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species.

???? ??? ??? have been offered of this, such as different kinds of stickleback fish that can live in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These are mostly reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The development of the myriad of living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has intrigued scientists for many centuries. The most well-known explanation is Darwin's natural selection, an evolutionary process that occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well-adapted. Over time, a community of well adapted individuals grows and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three factors that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within a species. Inheritance refers the transmission of genetic characteristics, which includes recessive and dominant genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of producing viable, fertile offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all of these factors are in balance. If, for instance an allele of a dominant gene makes an organism reproduce and survive more than the recessive gene allele, then the dominant allele will become more prevalent in a group. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will go away. This process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive trait. The more fit an organism is which is measured by its ability to reproduce and endure, is the higher number of offspring it produces. People with good traits, such as a longer neck in giraffes and bright white patterns of color in male peacocks are more likely survive and produce offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection is only an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which holds that animals acquire traits either through use or lack of use. For instance, if the animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach prey its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed in a population. In the end, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles diminish in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small population, this could lead to the total elimination of the recessive allele. This scenario is known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of evolutionary process when a large amount of people migrate to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe, such as an epidemic or mass hunting event, are condensed within a narrow area. The survivors will have an dominant allele, and will share the same phenotype. This situation could be caused by earthquakes, war, or even plagues. Regardless of the cause, the genetically distinct population that remains could be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew utilize Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any deviation from expected values for differences in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins who are both genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, but the other is able to reproduce.

This type of drift is crucial in the evolution of a species. But, it's not the only method to evolve. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, where the phenotypic diversity of the population is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens claims that there is a big difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or a cause and treating other causes of evolution like mutation, selection, and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal mechanism account of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and that this distinction is essential. He further argues that drift has a direction, that is it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a magnitude, that is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism


Students of biology in high school are often exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, also called "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms by taking on traits that are a product of an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by the image of a giraffe extending its neck further to reach higher up in the trees. This could cause giraffes to give their longer necks to their offspring, which then get taller.

Lamarck Lamarck, a French Zoologist from France, presented an idea that was revolutionary in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the previous thinking on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate materials through a series gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case but he is widely seen as giving the subject its first broad and thorough treatment.

The most popular story is that Lamarckism became a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection, and both theories battled out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the creation of what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies the possibility that acquired traits can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the action of environmental factors, such as natural selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries endorsed the notion that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this idea was never a central part of any of their theories on evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and, in the age of genomics there is a vast amount of evidence to support the heritability of acquired traits. This is referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as reliable as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution through the process of adaptation

One of the most widespread misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle for survival. This notion is not true and ignores other forces driving evolution. The struggle for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive within a specific environment, which could be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but as well the physical environment.

Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to understand evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical feature, like feathers or fur. It could also be a behavior trait, like moving towards shade during hot weather or coming out to avoid the cold at night.

The survival of an organism depends on its ability to extract energy from the environment and to interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism should possess the right genes to produce offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. The organism must also be able to reproduce at a rate that is optimal for its niche.

These factors, along with gene flow and mutation, lead to an alteration in the percentage of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in a population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequencies can lead to the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.

Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, such as the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation long legs to run away from predators and camouflage for hiding. To understand the concept of adaptation it is essential to distinguish between behavioral and physiological traits.

Physical characteristics like large gills and thick fur are physical characteristics. The behavioral adaptations aren't, such as the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or move into the shade in hot weather. It is important to keep in mind that the absence of planning doesn't result in an adaptation. Inability to think about the effects of a behavior even if it seems to be rational, could make it inflexible.

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