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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than might be expected.

The country is in search of an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.

Origins

In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and even made furs. They also established tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making, block printing art styles, and written language to Japan.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to fight in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications.

Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the close of the period. The new kingdom grew into the southwest part of the peninsula, and clashed against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. ???? ??? ???? introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male-centric concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by everyone, even their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes created by the mouth when pronouncing. This dramatically improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.

The evolution of Korea

The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of graves that were lined with stone, with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.

In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not consider to be a legitimate Korean state.


Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states was weakened by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.

As Korea enters a post-crisis era the way it develops appears to be in flux. ???? ??? ??? who are shocked by the huge cost of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand the supporters of the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, and by inflating fears about potential job loss.

Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article reviews developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development that include illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies some important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on educating students and bringing Christ to them. An increase in interest in creation science came in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.

The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization presented its own work and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject that were published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country at universities and churches.

A KACR success was seen at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received funding to build an enlightened museum on campus.

In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has an organization of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.

Evolution in South Korea

In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In the period of this transition, the famous samulnori or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other instruments.

The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new development paradigm. The new regime's main challenge is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.

However, his rule was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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